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Photobiomodulation (PBM) or formerly known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is nothing but low-dosage biophotonics for therapy which presents an advancing new era of regenerative modalities in dental implantology. It utilizes light emitting diodes (LEDs), broad light sources and lasers for this purpose. Photobiomodulation is intended for relieving pain and inflammation, regulating immune responses as well as stimulating wound healing and tissue regeneration. This helps in combatting the main pathological causes of implant failures that are, peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis as well as helps promote osseointegration and improve stability of implants. While the scope of photobiomodulation has been thoroughly investigated in in-vitro and animal studies, human clinical trials are still scarce which makes appropriate protocol formation with respect to dosage and mode of delivery among other parameters difficult. A recently introduced and potential application of photobiomodulation in the field of implantology aims to deliver the positive effects of biophotonics through in-situ ambulatory PBM therapy called the smart dental implant (SDI) system. This comprehensive review presents the current and future trends in the application of photobiomodulation in the field of dental implantology.
ABSTRACT
Cleft lip and palate is a common condition affecting thousands of children in India and overseas. With an incidence of 1 in 800 live births, these cleft lip and cleft palate patients face numerous aesthetic as well as functional challenges. The condition goes untreated in many scenarios, or patients do not receive adequate treatment due to various reasons like lack of awareness, lack of specialist dentists etc. leading to permanent facial deformity with significant deterioration of quality of life. There have been many changes in the management of alveolar cleft in the past 100 years. Documentation of the first cleft lip repairs dates back to 400 BC, and was performed by Hippocrates, while the first cleft velum repair was done for the first time by a French dentist, Monnier, in 1764. The treatment protocol for the same has been upgraded with time, with better understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the condition, and for better results to the patients. Alveolar bone grafting (ABG) is now becoming an integral part of managing cleft patients. There still isn’t a fixed and widely accepted protocol for ABG in the management of cleft patients, but there are various opinions of researchers around the world regarding the indications of bone grafting, the type of grafting (primary or secondary) to be employed, timing of grafting, the source of bone graft and use of various bone graft substitutes in the procedure. An increasing value of multidisciplinary approach, including maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists, towards managing such patients, is helping improve the outcome of such patients, and hence easing the overall treatment duration for the patient and relatives. Hence, through this article, we aim to shed some light over the evolvement and current place of alveolar bone grafting in treating cleft lip and palate patients. The anatomy of involved parts, types and indications of ABG, clinical evidences on the timing of the surgery, future evaluation, results and complications, and orthodontic treatment have been mentioned in this article.
ABSTRACT
Cleft lip and palate (CLCP) is one of the most common birth defects. The birth of a child with a facial cleft is a tragic incident for the family that the child is born in. Not only is the family devastated by the apparent facial deformity, but also worried about several other issues such as care of the child, the treatment options, and the social impact that the cleft will have for the child and for the family. The purpose of the study was to assess the sense of coherence in parents participating in the treatment of their children with CLCP. Methods50 parents of children with CLCP were evaluated and a questionnaire study was carried out at time intervals of T0, T1 and T2. ResultsMost of the parameters were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). Overall subjective results were found to be non-significant from T0 - T1. In our study, we found that undergoing orthodontic treatment had positive effects on the parents of patients with CLCP. It was observed that it altered the psychological, financial, emotional and social wellbeing of the parents. ConclusionsIt was concluded that orthodontic treatment should be aimed at both physical and psychological rehabilitation of cleft patients.
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INTRODUCTION: Achieving functional efficiency, structural balance, and aestheticshasalways been a threefold objective of the correction of dentoskeletal malocclusions. Ortho surgical correction and dentofacial abnormalities has always aimed for facial proportions which are more pleasant and aesthetic alongside normal functional occlusion. One big cosmetic concern for patients and dentists is the Gummy smile, which is the excessive display of gingiva on a full smile.
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The Siddha system of medicine is an unique traditional system of medicine practiced in Tamil speaking countries particularly India. In Siddha system of medicine the diseases were treated through internal and external medicine. In external medicine, the leech therapy is one which is used to treat various non-surgical and surgical cases. The leeches have been used for therapeutic purposes since their beginning of civilisation. Ancient Indian, Egyptian, Greek and Arab physicians were used the leeches for wide range of diseases such as inflammatory condition, skin diseases, respiratory disorders, eye diseases, cardiac diseases, urinary and reproductive diseases and dental diseases. The leeches are also used as one of the bloodletting methods in Unani, Ayurveda, and Modern science for various clinical conditions. Recently, researches on leech saliva revealed the presence nearly 100 biologically active compounds such as Hirudin, vasodilators, hyaluronidase, anaesthetics, fibrinases, antibacterial, collagenase etc. The above mentioned pharmacological compounds are injected into human body while sucking of the blood and are responsible for the anaesthetic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and analgesic effect of leech application. In current scenario, the leech therapy is used for various diseases including life threatening diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. in different system of medicine including modern medicine. Leech therapy is used in plastic and microsurgery as a protective tool against vascular congestion in modern medicine. The Scientific studies on leech saliva were proven and support the leech application in Siddha system of medicine.
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Objective: To examine the relationship between left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and the incidence of acute coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality in the modern era. Methods: We studied 16, 390 black and white participants free of clinical CHD from a US national sample. The independent prognostic value of ECG-LVH was determined by Cornell voltage (CV) for risk of incident acute CHD and total mortality overall and by race and sex. Results: 410 incident acute CHD events and 993 deaths occurred over a median follow-up of 4.8 years. CV LVH was associated with outcomes: more common in blacks (4.1%) than whites (1.2%) and in women (3.9%) than men (1.3%). However, men with CV LVH (HR 2.12 [95% CI 1.02-4.42) had greater risk for incident acute CHD than women (HR 1.29 [95% CI 0.79-2.11]) after adjusting for demographic, behavioral and clinical variables. By contrast, CV LVH conferred similar hazards for incident acute CHD among blacks (HR 1.63 [1.00-2.68; p=0.050]) and whites (HR 1.58 [95% CI 0.76-3.28; p=0.22]). Mortality associated with CV LVH was elevated overall (HR 1.31 [95% CI 1.00- 1.71]) and for blacks (HR 1.36 [95% CI 1.00-1.86]) but not whites (HR 1.16 [95% CI 0.70-1.94]), with similar risk for women (HR 1.24 [95% CI 0.92-1.67] and for men (HR 1.30 [95% CI 0.72-2.35]). Conclusion: In this contemporary cohort, CV LVH was significantly prognostic for incident acute CHD for men but not women and there was no evidence of race differences. However, CV LVH was significantly prognostic for total mortality for blacks but not whites without evidence of sex differences.
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En el presentae trabajo se realizó la caracterización citogenética de búfalos por bandas R-replicativas, con el fin de conocer su número cromosómico, para así realizar su clasificación ya sea como búfalo de río o de pantano. también se busco la existencia de híbridos, los cuales podrían ser un obstaculo al implementar programas de reproducción de estos animales, dado que los búfalos son una excelente alternativa debido a la alta producción de leche y carne que ofrecen, ademas de ser muy eficientes en trabajos de tracción. Se muestrearon 25 ejemplares, 13 machos y 12 hembras de los cuales se realizaron cultivos celulares de linfocitos de sangre periférica estimulados con fitohemaglutinina y tratados con un pulso terminal de 5-bromo2'-deoxiouridina (BrdUrd) para obetener extendidos cromosómicos y obtener bandas R-replicativas. El analisis citogenético de cada una de las muestras reveló un número diploide de 2n=50, lo que los clasifica como búfalos de río (Bubalus bubalis). El ordenamiento de cariotipo de los cromosomas homólogos fue clasificado de acuerdo a la nomenclatura internacional de la siguiente manera: 1 par acrocéntrico,3 pares submetacéntricos, un par metacéntrico y 19 subtelocéntricos, incluyendo los cromosomas sexuales X y Y. El número total de los cromosomas se distribuyó en 3 grupos: grupos A y B autosómicos y el par sexual, ordenados de mayor a menor. de los resultados analizados, no se obtuvieron individuos producto del cruce entre parentales con número cromosómico diferente.